big sky (넓은 하늘)

December 24, 2025

By: bhom (봄) and Justin Aoba
In collaboration with: Heung Coalition

Introducing “big sky (넓은 하늘)”

"죽인다 얘기야 살린다 얘기야?" This is one of the only memories shared with me about the 6.25 War (or Korean War). My mother would say this, laughing, when I would practice speaking English at home. It means "Does that mean they're going to kill me or let me live?"[1]

My mother said her own mother used to say this to her when she was learning English growing up. We would joke about this phrase often, but once, my mother stopped me. She asked me to reflect on why this phrase was my grandmother's response to hearing a foreign language in her home. At that point, I realized this was a war memory.[2]

"big sky" is about moments like these. It is a 3D zine series, or puzzle, or paper sculpture, about Korea, Palestine, and aerial bombardment. It asks the question: when did it become normal to bomb people?

It asks this question because the rending apart of people, families, histories, and lands through bombing is devastating and wrong. It is wrong in Gaza. It was wrong in Korea. Images of the Gaza Genocide[3] - of what a bomb does to a human being and their community - have made the treasures of this world lose their colour and dimension. They have also ripped open layers of careful silence wrapped around the topic of bombing in my family history like a gauze. Like that moment with my mother, which caused years of laughter to come into focus and reveal itself as a painful truth, 10.7 has asked, again and again, when did it become normal to bomb people? And: what are you going to do about it?

"big sky" is made up of seven parts, three visual/tactile and four a mix of graphics and written analysis. These pieces culminate in the eponymous poem, "big sky," by Justin Aoba.

This article contains the four pieces of written analysis in "big sky," along with a link to the poem by Justin. The four pieces are called:

Tiger at the Tea Party: Korea and Zionism at the Hague (1899, 1907)
I Do Not Worship What You Worship: The Anti-Muslim Origins of Aerial Bombardment (1911-1920)
A Korean Critique of Settler-colonialism? League Against Imperialism (1927)
Pardon Me Butchers, I Am No Meek and Gentle Piece of Earth! The People v USAF (1847-Present)

The poem, "big sky," by Justin is available below. To access it, type in the password from each of the four pieces of analysis that follow. We have presented the poem in this way because, in its physical version, the poem must be pieced together to be read in its entirety. We wanted to preserve this element as much as possible in its digital form.

For a digital version that includes some of the visual and tactile elements of the zine series, please see https://www.bhom.ca/bigsky.html. For a physical copy, please contact bhom[dot]spring[at]proton[dot]me.

Lastly, we have been sharing some of the content from “big sky” on social media as part of a series of posts about Korea and Palestine between 6.25 and 7.27 of 2026. Each of these posts have been accompanied by a link to an initative or fundraiser. Please find below the full list, which will be updated over time.

Initiatives and Fundraisers for 6.25 to 7.27

7.13: HEAL Palestine - HEAL Palestine was founded in 2024 to “provide critical care and resources while centering grassroots leadership and community-led recovery.” Their work is “rooted in dignity, resilience, and the belief that every child deserves the chance to heal and thrive.“ To support: here.

7.10: Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS) - The mission of the PCRS is “to provide humanitarian assistance as well as health and social services to Palestinians whenever and wherever needed. It works towards preventing and allaying human suffering, protecting life and health, ensuring the respect of human dignity, preventing disease, and promoting health, social care and volunteering both in times of peace and war as well as during emergencies, crises and disasters.” To support: here.

7.8: Hope and Haven Sudan - People in Sudan are experiencing a catastrophic situation of war, displacement, hunger, and disease. They were also among the first people to have ever been bombed by air. The Hope and Haven Refugees is working to provide support. They run four community kitchens, deliver medical supplies to areas where there have been cholera outbreaks, and provide food packets to families in camps and remote areas. To support: here.

7.8: Re-highlighting the Gaza Soup Kitchen - On July 7, Hani Almadhoun posted an update to the Gaza Soup Kitchen’s GoFundMe, warning about the forcible relocation of Palestinian people into areas called “humanitarian zones.” According to Hani Almadhoun, “We are pushing forward because the news out here is getting darker. We heard talk this week about plans to rebrand camps into "humanitarian zones" to forcibly relocate Palestinians. It is a terrifying, dystopian strategy that heavily mirrors what the US did to Japanese-Americans during WWII, or the strategic hamlets in Vietnam.” To support the Gaza Soup Kitchen’s work: here.

7.6: Dr. Hussam Abu Safiya - Dr. Hussam Abu Safiya is a pediatrician who served as the Director of Kamal Adwan Hospital, where the Zionist state ran people over with bulldozers and left children to die during the Gaza Genocide. He was kidnapped and is being tortured by the Zionist state. Still, in June 2026, Dr. Abu Safiya appeared on camera and said to an Israeli court: “My detention is unjust and arbitrary, and I demand my immediate release.” In July, he told his lawyer: “This is the last time you will see me...They brought me here to kill me. I do not see myself leaving here alive.” Please do everything you can to support and protect Dr. Hussam Abu Safiya: To seethe online campaign: here.

7.3: Adalah - In their own words, “ Adalah (“Justice” in Arabic) is an independent human rights organization and legal center... Adalah’s mission is to promote human rights in Israel in general and the rights of the Palestinian minority, citizens of Israel, in particular (around 1.5 million people, or 20% of the population). This work also includes promoting and defending the human rights of all individuals subject to the jurisdiction of the State of Israel (e.g. Palestinian residents of the OPT). Adalah is the first Palestinian Arab-run legal center in Israel, and the sole Palestinian organization that works before Israeli courts to protect the human rights of Palestinians in Israel and in the OPT.” To donate: here.

7.1: Palestine Children’s Relief Fund (PCRF) - PCRF provides medical care, food, water, and other support to Palestinian children. Their special programs in Gaza include an orphan sponsorship program, a pediatric mental health program, and an amputee project. To donate: here.

6.29: We Are Not Numbers (WANN) - WANN supports young writers in Gaza to advocate for themselves and defend their own rights. They just welcomed their 19th cohort of young Palestinian writers – the first cohort since 10.7. They also just published a paperback anthology. In their own words, “the book is a selection of some of the best WANN essays and poems over a span of ten years – a unique, living history of Gaza as seen through the eyes of its youth.” To purchase the anthology: here.

6.29: Fundraiser for Adel Al Areer, the brother of the late Dr. Refaat Al Areer - The late Dr. Refaat Al Areer was a co-founder of WANN. He was killed in the Gaza Genocide in December 2023. His brother, Adel Al-Areer, has a fundraiser to support himself and his family. As Adel writes: My name is Adel Al-Areer, and I send this heartfelt appeal with a heavy heart, seeking your help in our dire hour of need. Some of you may remember my brother Refaat Al-Areer, a well known writer and professor, who was killed in an Israeli airstrike on December 6. Before he was killed, Refaat wrote: "If I must die, / you must live, / to tell my story"...Your donations support my family of six, which includes myself, my wife, and our four children...With profound gratitude and unwavering faith in the inherent goodness of humanity, Adel Al-Areer.” To support the fundraiser: here.

6.29: The Refaat Alareer Camp x the Sameer Project - The Sameer Project is “a mutual aid organization led by three Palestinians in the diaspora.” With the blessing of the Al Areer family, they opened the Refaat Al Areer camp to “provide shelter and specialized support to displaced families who have critical medical issues.” To support the camp: here.

6.25: Gaza Soup Kitchen - The Gaza Soup Kitchen provides food, water and medical care to their neighbours in Gaza. In their own words, “We are not an outside aid group; we are the people of Gaza, serving our own community through the Gaza Soup Kitchen and local Palestine NGO efforts.” Link to donate: here.

big sky (넓을 하늘)

LINK: Here
PASSWORD: The number, in words, that you get from adding up the numbers from each of the four poems.

Tiger at the Tea Party: Korea and Zionism at the Hague (1899, 1907)

TO ACCESS POEM: 7

Three Koreans and a Zionist walk into the Hague. Both parties seek an audience with imperial powers. Both find a platform in the salons of western pacifists. But whereas Zionism is supported, the Koreans are turned away. The year is 1899 and 1907. The Hague Peace Conferences have been convened in the Netherlands to set the limits of lawful warfare, including a ban on bombing by air[4]. The differing treatment of Korea and Zionism at these events reveals much about the inner workings of international law, and why - despite prohibitions pre-dating the invention of the airplane[4] - international law has failed to prevent the normalization of aerial bombardment, from 1899 to 2025.

Theodor Herzl, the 'father' of modern Zionism, attended the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899. Viewing the event as an opportunity to "[bring] Zionism to the attention of assembled Europe,"[5] Herzl would later rely on his connections from the Hague to defend the Jewish Colonial Trust, asking an authority in Russia to "maintain a benevolent inactivity" over "the surely praiseworthy tasks of Jewish colonization"[6]. Interestingly, one of Herzl's main accomplishments at the Congress was the undermining of opposition to the Court of Arbitration. Herzl remarked that states who oppose such a Court would become "others - a kind of outlaws under international law"[7]. The Zionist state is, in many respects, such a pariah today.

The Korean delegates Yi Joun, Yi Sang-sol, and Yi Wi-jong arrived at the Hague under different circumstances. Travelling in secret from Japanese authorities, they tried to participate in the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907 as delegates of an independent Korea[8]. They were refused. But, though their efforts, awareness of Korea grew. Not all who listened were sympathetic. One Dutch newspaper commented that Korea was rightfully excluded, stating that the recognition of Korea would lead to the recognition of "all the countries that were swallowed," including "Congo, Aceh, the Philippines," and "British India"[9]. Others decried the hypocrisy of the Conference participants, stating that Korea was a "skeleton at the party" exposing "the smile...of world peace" as "confirmation of the odious slogan: 'Might is right!'"[10]. Shortly after the Korean delegates' departure, the Eighth Zionist Congress would be held at the Hague in August 1907[11].

This zine features excerpts from the published diaries of Theodor Herzl and contemporaneous news articles about the Hague Secret Emissary Affair. By placing these archival sources side-by-side, this zine asks who international law serves, how it can be mobilized to seek justice, and whether a truly just international law can emerge from a foundation of colonizer pacifism.

I Do Not Worship What You Worship: The Anti-Muslim Origins of Aerial Bombardment (1911-1920)

TO ACCESS POEM: 5

Some of the first places to be bombed by air were Muslim-majority regions in Southwest Asia and North Africa. These areas were targeted by Italy[12], Spain[13], and France[14], as well as the British Royal Air Force (RAF), one of the most notorious perpetrators of aerial bombing in the early twentieth century[15].

Following WWI, RAF faced what is, to colonizers, an existential threat: defunding. This changed following an aerial bombardment campaign by the RAF in the Somali Peninsula in 1920. The apparent success of this pacification project was a notable factor in the adoption of aerial bombing as a standard tactic of British colonial rule[16].

What set this tactic apart was the low cost, from a British perspective, of achieving imperial order[17]. Aerial bombing was intended to make the retaliation for resistance so severe that no one would attempt it, resulting in deterrence through disproportionate force.

It didn't work. But the characterization of aerial bombing as a cost-effective tactic for administering colonial holdings persisted, resulting in the funnelling of resources to aerial weaponry and the normalization of bombing by air. Colonizers' inability to appreciate the value of Muslim life was central to this cost-benefit analysis. In other words, one reason it became 'normal' to bomb people was because it was normal to bomb Muslim people from 1911 to 1920.

This zine is made up of archival records about some of the bombing campaigns which took place during this period. By bringing together these sources, this zine seeks to understand the anti-Muslim origins of aerial bombardment and honour people whose humanity had to be ignored for the practice of aerial bombing to emerge in the first place.

A Korean Critique of Settler-colonialism? League Against Imperialism (1927)

TO ACCESS POEM: 7

From 1911 to 2025, perpetrators of mass aerial bombardment have been surprised and dismayed at the practice's inability to end resistance to colonial projects. Their surprise is understandable. Bombing is a horrifically violent and destructive act. From a colonizer's perspective, aerial bombing should be an adequate deterrent against virtually any type of resistance. What is it about colonization that exposes the logic of deterrence through force as a myth?

One possible answer appears in a 1927 pamphlet by Korean delegates to the first International Congress against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism in Brussels[18]. In their pamphlet, the delegates articulate what may, from some perspectives, be viewed as a critique of settler-colonialism - a process where colonizers seek to permanently supplant and replace local peoples, in addition to seizing their lands. The Korean delegates wrote: "We shall in the future do all we can to recover our freedom...Either Japan must evacuate Korea or we are doomed to disgrace[,] misery, hunger and death"[19].

This pamphlet is a reminder of one reason why the logic of deterrence through force breaks down in colonial and settler-colonial settings. People will resist annihilation no matter the odds. Although colonization may be a matter of domination and enrichment, resisting colonization is a matter of life and death. It is also a reminder of the reach of settler-colonialism. This process exists beyond the four former British colonies of the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is happening in Palestine. Some argue that traces of this process might have existed in Korea. Lastly, this pamphlet is a reminder of the need for critique and global solidarity. The Korean delegates denied assertions that "Korea is a land whose population is not yet sufficiently civilized, living like the wild men of the interior of Africa, Australia, etc"[20]. It is possible that this text was intended to be sarcastic, critiquing the dehumanization of Korean people by rejecting similarly racist caricatures of people from Africa and Australia. However, it is also possible that this text was sincere - that the writers accepted the view that people from Africa and Australia were less than human and simply disputed the comparison between them and Koreans. If this sentence was sincerely meant, it was absolutely in error. We cannot get free by participating in the dehumanization of others. There is no hierarchy of civilization that can withstand the gaze of the people it intends to subjugate.

This zine is comprised of materials from the 1927 Congress, alongside photos of the Korean delegates who attended this event. By featuring these materials, this zine seeks to uplift and critique histories of resistance and inspire global solidarity with those resisting aerial bombardment and settler-colonialism today.

Pardon Me Butchers, I Am No Meek and Gentle Piece of Earth! The People v USAF (1847-Present)

TO ACCESS POEM: 1

The United States Air Force (USAF) has been possibly the most notorious proponent of aerial bombing in the period following WWII. This is not surprising, given the US' early interest in the military uses of airpower. Although the first aerial bombing campaigns were launched by European states in the 1910s, the US Army Signal Corps' Aeronautical Division - a precursor to USAF - was established in 1907[21].

Since then, USAF bombing campaigns have killed and displaced millions, caused instability and resentment, and fuelled climate change. Why does USAF bomb people? When did it become normal, in the US, to do this? The answer is unclear. However, historical records suggest that the worldview underlying this phenomenon may be deeply rooted.

The development of aerial bombardment is intertwined with the emergence of nitroglycerin and dynamite. Some of the first instances when these substances were used in the US were in the construction of railways in the 1860s. During this time, railways were often constructed by "blasting" lands that Indigenous peoples hold as kin. During the construction of the Pacific Railway in 1866, nitroglycerin was manufactured west of Shoshone Territory to "blast" the Sierra Nevadas[22]. 90 years later, during the 1950s, military use of lands for nuclear testing would cause the Shoshone to be known as "the most-bombed nation on Earth"[23].

The practice of "blasting" land has often been associated with disregard for the safety of people labouring on blasting sites. Evidence of this trend in the US predates the invention of dynamite. During the 1840s, explosives were used in the construction of turnpikes and other infrastructure in the US. Legal decisions from this period describe a terrible practice of exposing Black people to death and grave injury by enslaving them and forcing them to labour on infrastructure projects where explosives were used[24]. Over 100 years later in 1985, several Black people (including children) who were members of the organization MOVE in Philadelphia would be targeted in one of the only instances of government-directed aerial bombing on the US mainland[25].

The historical roots of US bombing extend beyond US borders. In 2025, the US has bombed ships off the coast of Venezuela[26]. In 1926, US airplanes were bombing the forces of General Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua[27]. In 2025, the US is funding a genocide by air in Gaza[28]. In 1925, US pilots volunteered to bomb "absolutely defenceless women and children" in Chefchaouen, Morocco[29]. In 1945 over Japan, the US became the only country to deploy a nuclear bomb[30]. During the mass demobilization that followed, the US began to "[tear] the Air Force down"[31], a process described by one highly-ranked individual in the military as "not a demobilization; it was a rout"[32]. The US' decision to bomb Korea during the Korean War played a significant role in reversing this course. The Korean War "propelled the United States...into a massive rearmament program," which laid the groundwork for a "defense program that relied more on strategic air forces for deterrence and less on conventional ground and sea forces for projecting power overseas"[34]. We continue to live under the ramifications of this defense program today.

This zine is made up of archival materials about the roots of aerial bombardment in the US. It is intended to support reflection and resistance during this current moment of rearmament and warmaking.

Notes

[1] Korean verb conjugations sometimes leave the subject of a sentence to be filled in by context. Other possible translations of this phrase, depending on context, include: "Are you going to kill me or let me live?", "Are they going to kill them or let them live?", or "Are you going to kill me or save me?"

[2] During the 6.25 War, people from all over the world poured into Korea as part of various military organizations, including those of the UN. UN forces were sometimes suspicious of groups of internally displaced people, believing that North Korean troops were hidden among civilians. Perhaps it is true that they held this suspicion, and that there were troops hidden among refugees. But many of those troops might have been young men and boys with no meaningful option to refuse to participate in the war. And even if there were troops hidden among refugees, this wouldn’t justify the massacres of children, seniors, disabled people, injured people, women, and other defenceless people which occurred during the 6.25 War. I believe, at this moment, my mother was suggesting that my grandmother associates foreign languages, especially European languages, with this period in time.

[3] Palestinian journalists have risked their lives to share this footage. To learn about some of the Palestinian journalists and media workers who have been killed during the Gaza Genocide, see: International Federation of Journalists. 22 June 2026. Palestine: At least 236 journalists and media workers killed in Gaza. https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/palestine-at-least-236-journalists-and-media-workers-killed-in-gaza.

[4] "It has adopted unanimously the engagement to prohibit the launching of projectiles and explosives from balloons, or in other analogous new ways, for a period of five years": Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1920. The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhag00interich at page 107/916 of the PDF.

[5] Theodor Herzl Foundation. 1960. The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl. https://ia903407.us.archive.org/2/items/the-complete-diaries-of-theodor-herzl/The%20Complete%20Diaries%20of%20Theodor%20Herzl.pdf at page 846/1970 of the PDF.

[6] Theodor Herzl Foundation. 1960. The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl. https://ia903407.us.archive.org/2/items/the-complete-diaries-of-theodor-herzl/The%20Complete%20Diaries%20of%20Theodor%20Herzl.pdf at page 860/1970 of the PDF.

[7] Theodor Herzl Foundation. 1960. The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl. https://ia903407.us.archive.org/2/items/the-complete-diaries-of-theodor-herzl/The%20Complete%20Diaries%20of%20Theodor%20Herzl.pdf at pages 853-855/1970 of the PDF.

[8] 이준열사 기념관 (Yi Jun Peace Museum). 해이그특사 환동 (The Hague Secret Emissary Affair. http://www.yijunpeacemuseum.org/04_hague/activity.php.

[9] De Vrije Socialist. 6 July 1907). Social Political Overview. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMIISG07:000767053:mpeg21:a00005.

[10] De Grondwet. 10 July 1907. The Peace Conference. https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMGARO01:000174913:mpeg21:a0001.

[11] De Courant. 1 July 1907. The Second Peace Conference and Zionist Congress. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:003502001:mpeg21:pdf.

[12] For example, Italy bombed areas in Libya in 1911: First Lieut. Renato Tittoni, USMC. July 1913. The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912). https://archive.org/details/italoturkishwar00ital at pages 42/146, 99-100,146, and 135/146 of the PDF.

[13] Sven Lindqvist. 2001. A History of Bombing. https://archive.org/details/historyofbombing0000lind/ item 74 at page 45/231.

[14] Sven Lindqvist. 2001. A History of Bombing. https://archive.org/details/historyofbombing0000lind/item 74 https://archive.org/details/historyofbombing0000lind/ item 74 at page 45/231.

[15] John D.R. Rawlings. 1964. The History of the Royal Air Force. https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-royal-air-force-john-d.-r.-rawoings.

[16] John D.R. Rawlings. 1964. The History of the Royal Air Force. https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-royal-air-force-john-d.-r.-rawoings at pages 34-37/344 of the PDF; see also Douglas Jardine, OBE. 1923. The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80006/page/n4/mode/1up.

[17] See remarks of Maj.-Gen. Seely: "They say: "Of course, we must have some aircraft, but they can be only ancillary—they are only the eyes of the army—and a few machines flying over the enemy to complete the rout will be of use." But they will not let air power be used as air power should be used. If you have a completely separate air power, and enable them to work under the political heads, you will save yourselves certainly millions of money, and I am quite sure you will save thousands of lives. The power given to the political chiefs to go to any threatened point and there to warn the tribes of the impending disaster to them if they are not complying with our wishes is a power which will really stop any number of these small wars": UK Hansard Debates. 23 February 1920. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/feb/23/mr-churchills-statement.

[18] To view the invitation for this event, please see: League Against Imperialism. 1927. Invitation, with agenda. https://access.iisg.amsterdam/universalviewer/#?manifest=https://hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH00804.1?locatt=view:manifest at page 4/5 of the PDF.

[19] League Against Imperialism. 1927. The Korean Problem. https://access.iisg.amsterdam/universalviewer/#?manifest=https://hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH00804.38?locatt=view:manifest at pages 7/8 of the PDF.

[20] League Against Imperialism. 1927. The Korean Problem. https://access.iisg.amsterdam/universalviewer/#?manifest=https://hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH00804.38?locatt=view:manifest at pages 6/8 of the PDF.

[21] Kathy R. Coker and Carol E. Stokes. 1991. A Concise History of the US Army Signal Corps. https://archive.org/details/AConciseHistoryOfTheUSArmySignalCorps at page 11/132 of the PDF.

[22] "By reason of impossible canyons, gorges and abrupt pitches ten tunnels were required - one at the Summit, of 1659 feet, almost a third of a mile - in order to bridge grades that otherwise would be beyond the power of any locomotive...granite so hard was encountered that the shots spurted from the holes as if from a cannon, and left the rock uninjured. Nitroglycerin was manufactured in the camps, but it was more dangerous to the men than to the cliffs": Edward L. Sabin. 1919). Building the Pacific Railway. https://archive.org/details/buildingpacificr01sabi at pages 126-127/352 of the PDF.

[23] "Shoshone groups are adamant that any additional radiation risk to their community is unacceptable. The Shoshone Nation - site of the U.S. Nevada nuclear testing facility - is already the most-bombed nation on Earth. The Shoshone suffer from widespread cancer, leukemia and other diseases because of fallout from more than 600 atomic explosions in their territory. To add to this risk is outlandish injustice": Winona LaDuke. 2002. The Winona LaDuke Reader. https://archive.org/details/W.LadukeWinonaLadukeReaderaCollectionOfEssentialWritings at page 28/306 of the PDF.

[24] "Jones v. Fort, 36 Ala. 449, June 1860...Held: [457] "A master may...set his slave to blasting rock, immure him in an unhealthy mine, or put him before the mast on a distant voyage; the hirer, under a general contract of hiring, has no right to do any of these things...[460] The legal effect of such a contract is to deny the hirer the right...of lending...the slave for the specific purpose of being engaged in any service which involves more danger than prudent masters would usually be willing to have their own slaves exposed to": Edited by Helen Turncliff Catterall (1929), "Judicial Cases concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Volume III, Cases from the Courts of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana" at page 257/778 of the PDF. See also the case of a man named Jordan who was enslaved and disabled due to grievous injuries after being forced to labour on a turnpike: "Mullen v. Ensley, 8 Humphreys 428, December 1847. "Jordan was hired...put to the business of blasting rock, for the construction of a turnpike...was 'blown up,' one of his eyes put out, and one of his hands severely injured"...Held: [429] "not an ordinary and usual" employment. Decree against the defendant for $250, [428] "the amount of the deterioration in the value of the slave," with interest from the date of the accident, [429] "and that no more hire should be allowed after the accident, than...could have been had"": Edited by Helen Turncliff Catterall. 1929. Judicial Cases concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Volume II, Cases from the Courts of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. https://archive.org/details/volume2judicialc00unse at pages 551-552/684 of the PDF.

[25] "The plan to bomb the MOVE house was reckless, ill-conceived and hastily approved. Dropping a bomb on an occupied row house was unconscionable and should have been rejected out-of-hand by the Mayor, the Managing Director, the Police Commissioner and the Fire Commissioner": Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission. 6 March 1986. The findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission. Temple Universities Libraries, MOVE (Organization) Collections. https://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16002coll18/id/6211/rec/1 at page 20/34.

[26] "On Nov. 10, at the direction of the Secretary of War Pete Hegseth, Joint Task Force Southern Spear conducted a lethal kinetic strike on a vessel operated by a Designated Terrorist Organization. Intelligence confirmed that the vessel was involved in illicit narcotics smuggling, transiting along a known narco-trafficking route, and carrying narcotics. 4 male narco-terrorists aboard the vessel were killed. The vessel was trafficking narcotics in the Caribbean Sea and was struck in international waters": U.S. Southern Command. 14 November 2025. Tweet posted by @Southcom. https://x.com/Southcom/status/1989453291466461243.

[27] "Meanwhile, Chief Marine Gunner Michael Wodarczyk had kept strafing the rebels until his ammunition was exhausted...This aerial foray gave the rebels a taste of what was to come. At 1435, a flight of DeHavillands, led by Major Ross E. Rowell, appeared over Ocotal. Each plane carried a load of bombs, a tactical innovation unknown to Sandino's horde. Steeling themselves for another strafing attack, the rebels were stupified [sic] as the fragile biplanes nosed over at an altitude of a thousand feet. Most of the rebels fled from the bombing attack; but a handful continued firing from behind a stone wall until outflanked by Hatfield's men. The bodies of 56 rebels were recovered...": Bernard C. Nalty. 1927. The United States Marines in Nicaragua. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari00nalt/page/22/mode/1up at page 25/52 of the PDF.

[28] "Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II. Successive Administrations, working with Congress, have provided Israel with assistance reflective of robust domestic U.S. support for Israel and its security; shared strategic goals in the Middle East; and historical ties dating U.S. support for the creation of Israel in 1948. To date, the United States has provided Israel $174 billion (current, or non-inflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding": Congressional Research Service. Updated 28 May 2025. U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/RL/PDF/RL33222/RL33222.53.pdf at page 2/79.

[29] "But in my opinion the most cruel, the most wanton and the most unjustifiable act of the whole war was the bombing of the open town of Sheshuan in 1925 - when every male inhabitant capable of bearing arms was known to be absent - by a squadron of volunteer American airment with the French Flying Corps. A number of absolutely defenceless women and children were massacred and many others were maimed and blinded": Walter B. Harris. 1927. France, Spain, and the Rif. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506197 at pages 372-373/425 of the PDF.

[30] "All the Japanese that we interviewed, including their top commanders, said that the war was over and would have ended prior to 1 November, the invasion date, without the atomic bomb. They said it was their realization that the military forces could no longer protect the Japanese people from destruction. One thing we haven't discussed is the aerial mining campaign that we ran out of the Marianas with the 313th Wing, which was one of the most successful that has ever been done anywhere": Office of Air Force History. 1988. Strategic Air Warfare. https://media.defense.gov/2025/Aug/27/2003789020/-1/-1/0/STRATEGIC_AIR_WARFARE.PDF at page 84/158 of the PDF.

[31] "When I came back from Europe in 1948, I noticed the personnel situation that we have been discussing. When the war ended we were in the process of tearing the Air Force down": Office of Air Force History. 1988. Strategic Air Warfare. https://media.defense.gov/2025/Aug/27/2003789020/-1/-1/0/STRATEGIC_AIR_WARFARE.PDF at page 91/158 of the PDF.

[32] "Demobilization was not a demobilization; it was a rout. We just walked away and left everything. We started with nothing; I don’t think we had a squadron left together in late 1945 or early 1946": Office of Air Force History. 1988. Strategic Air Warfare. https://media.defense.gov/2025/Aug/27/2003789020/-1/-1/0/STRATEGIC_AIR_WARFARE.PDF at page 86/158 of the PDF.

[33] "When North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, President Truman and American military leaders believed that the invasion was a Soviet and Chinese Communist maneuver in the opening campaign of another global war. It was not. Yet it propelled United States into the Korean War and, equally significant, into a massive rearmament program. The Strategic Air Command, as the nation's principal long-range retaliatory force, benefitted directly. It grew from 71,490 people and 868 aircraft in January 1950 to 170,892 people and 1,830 aircraft in December 1953. After the war ended, the expansion continued": Office of Air Force History. 1988. Strategic Air Warfare. https://media.defense.gov/2025/Aug/27/2003789020/-1/-1/0/STRATEGIC_AIR_WARFARE.PDF at page 15/158 of the PDF.